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Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing - translation to English
![HMS ''Illustrious'']] in 2001](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/FA2 Sea Harrier Launches from HMS Illustrious MOD 45139505.jpg?width=200 "HMS ''Illustrious'']] in 2001")
![F/A-18]] taking off from an aircraft carrier](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/An F-A-18C Hornet launches from the flight deck of the conventionally powered aircraft carrier.jpg?width=200 "F/A-18]] taking off from an aircraft carrier")
![undercarriage]]s during takeoff](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Boeing 737-800 (EI-ENI) of Ryanair departs Bristol Airport, England 23Aug2014 arp.jpg?width=200 "undercarriage]]s during takeoff")
![An [[Embraer E-175]] taking off](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Embraer 175 (Air Canada) 091.jpg?width=200 "An [[Embraer E-175]] taking off")
![glider]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glider in flight.JPG?width=200 "glider]]")
![Columbia]]'' in the process of lifting off from the launch pad during [[STS-1]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg?width=200 "Columbia]]'' in the process of lifting off from the launch pad during [[STS-1]]")
![The [[Harrier jump jet]], a [[VTOL]] aircraft](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/US Navy 050423-N-6214F-004 Aviation Boatswain's Mate 2nd Class Courtney F. Godfrey runs behind the foul line as a Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier II- performs a vertical takeoff.jpg?width=200 "The [[Harrier jump jet]], a [[VTOL]] aircraft")
.png?width=200)
Wikipedia
A short take-off and vertical landing aircraft (STOVL aircraft) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is able to take off from a short runway (or take off vertically if it does not have a heavy payload) and land vertically (i.e. with no runway). The formal NATO definition (since 1991) is:
A Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing aircraft is a fixed-wing aircraft capable of clearing a 15 m (50 ft) obstacle within 450 m (1,500 ft) of commencing take-off run, and capable of landing vertically.
On aircraft carriers, non-catapult-assisted, fixed-wing short takeoffs are accomplished with the use of thrust vectoring, which may also be used in conjunction with a runway "ski-jump". There are 14 aircraft carriers that operate these STOVL aircraft (United States [9], United Kingdom [2], Italy [2], and Spain [1]). Use of STOVL tends to allow aircraft to carry a larger payload compared to vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), while still only requiring a short runway. The most famous examples are the Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the Sea Harrier. Although technically VTOL aircraft, they are operationally STOVL aircraft due to the extra weight carried at take-off for fuel and armaments. The same is true of the F-35B Lightning II, which demonstrated VTOL capability in test flights but is operationally a STOVL.
